By Jo-Ann Lorber
Fatigue among firefighters has emerged as a topic of vital concern, as the demands of the profession intensify and the frequency of major incidents continues to rise. I last wrote about the issue in a research paper for the Executive Fire Officer’s Program at the National Fire Academy in July 2006 and it begs the question — have we made any progress?
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Understanding fatigue in the fire service
Fatigue is more than just tiredness — it is a multidimensional condition affecting both physical and mental performance. Chronic fatigue can lead to sleep deprivation, decreased alertness, impaired judgment and heightened risk of errors. In the context of firefighting, these effects can be catastrophic, not only for the firefighter but also for those they are charged to protect.
Recent studies have revealed that more than 50% of firefighters report chronic sleep disturbances and regular feelings of exhaustion. Factors contributing to this fatigue include:
- Irregular and extended shifts: Shift work disrupts circadian rhythms and often forces firefighters to sleep during daylight hours, which can hinder restorative rest.
- High-stress environments: The unpredictable and dangerous nature of emergencies causes spikes in adrenaline and stress hormones, interfering with normal sleep cycles.
- Physical demands: Firefighters may carry up to 70 pounds of equipment, perform physically taxing rescues and operate in extreme temperatures.
- Emotional impact: Exposure to traumatic events and loss can lead to anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), all of which are linked to sleep problems and fatigue.
Consequences of firefighter fatigue
From personal health to operational performance and community safety, firefighter fatigue impacts many areas of the fire service.
Personal health impacts
Long-term fatigue is associated with a host of health issues, including:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Mental health disorders
- Weakened immune function
Firefighters exhibit higher rates of heart disease and certain cancers compared to the general population, a phenomenon partly attributed to chronic fatigue and sleep deprivation.
Operational performance impacts
Fatigue impairs reaction time, decision-making and coordination — all of which are essential to safe and effective firefighting. Research has correlated fatigue with increased rates of workplace accidents, injuries and near-misses. In high-risk scenarios, even a momentary lapse in judgment can have dire consequences.
Community safety impacts
A fatigued firefighter is not only a risk to themselves but also to the community. Reduced alertness and slower response times can compromise rescue operations and public safety.
Recent research and developments in firefighter fatigue solutions
Ongoing research continues to shed light on the extent and impact of firefighter fatigue. Furthermore, recent advancements include:
- Biometric monitoring: Many fire departments are now employing wearable devices to monitor sleep patterns, heart rate variability and other biomarkers. This data helps identify personnel at risk of severe fatigue and informs recommendations for shift adjustments.
- Shift scheduling innovations: Progressive departments are piloting alternative shift structures, such as shorter rotations, increased rest intervals and strategic napping protocols. Studies show that 10- to 12-hour shifts, as opposed to traditional 24-hour shifts, yield improved sleep quality and reduced fatigue. Is your department ready to change to 12- or 14-hour shifts for your employees? Will the unions have a say in this change if brought up at negotiations?
- Education and training: There is a growing emphasis on educating firefighters about sleep hygiene, nutrition, mental health and the importance of self-care. Workshops and online resources are now standard components of firefighter training.
- Mental health initiatives: Recognizing the link between fatigue and mental health, departments are investing in counseling services, peer support networks and critical incident stress management programs to help personnel cope with trauma and emotional exhaustion. Does your department have EAP practitioners that know what firefighters do every day?
Mitigating firefighter fatigue: Strategies and solutions
A multi-faceted approach is required to tackle the problem of fatigue in the fire service. Here are some of the key strategies that are being implemented by fire rescue departments:
- Rest and recovery protocols: Departments are prioritizing rest periods and creating quiet spaces for sleep and recovery during shifts. Some are experimenting with “power naps” and sleep pods to help personnel recharge during downtime.
- Workload management: Efforts are underway to distribute workload more evenly, reducing the likelihood of consecutive high-intensity calls for the same crew. Cross-training and mutual-aid agreements allow for greater flexibility in staffing. Are you moving personnel from busy rescues/ambulances to possibly engines or ladder companies to give your personnel a break?
- Nutrition and hydration: Proper nutrition and hydration are essential to combat fatigue. Fire stations are incorporating healthier meal options and encouraging regular hydration breaks, particularly during long incidents or periods of extreme heat.
- Physical fitness programs: Regular exercise helps improve stamina, sleep quality and overall well-being. Many departments now offer onsite gyms, fitness challenges and wellness incentives to promote physical health.
- Technology and equipment: Advancements in firefighting gear — such as lighter, more ergonomic equipment — reduce physical strain and help conserve energy during operations.
Challenges in addressing firefighter fatigue
Since writing about this topic almost 20 years ago, I appreciate there has been some progress made in addressing firefighter fatigue, but why has it taken this long for leaders to address this issue? And, despite the progress we’ve seen, significant challenges remain. Fire department staffing shortages, budget constraints and cultural attitudes toward rest and self-care can impede the implementation of fatigue mitigation strategies. Many firefighters are reluctant to admit exhaustion, fearing stigma or repercussions related to:
- Organizational culture: A persistent “toughness” culture may discourage personnel from taking necessary breaks or seeking help. Changing this requires strong leadership and clear messaging about the importance of health and safety.
- Resource allocation: Not all departments have the resources to invest in advanced equipment, monitoring technology, or comprehensive wellness programs. Advocacy for increased funding and support is ongoing.
Looking forward: Policy and advocacy
As the issue of firefighter fatigue gains wider recognition, policymakers and fire service leaders are taking action. National fire service organizations are lobbying for legislation to mandate minimum rest requirements, limit consecutive shifts and provide funding for mental health initiatives.
Innovative pilot programs are being evaluated for scalability, with the goal of establishing best practices nationwide. Firefighter unions and advocacy groups continue to play a critical role in raising awareness and pushing for systemic change.
The fight against firefighter fatigue is far from over, but momentum is building. Through research, education and organizational commitment, the fire service is beginning to address the physical and mental challenges faced by its personnel. Ensuring the health, safety and performance of firefighters is not only essential for those on the front lines but also a matter of public interest.
As communities increasingly rely on firefighters for rapid response in times of crisis, it is imperative that we continue to support initiatives that reduce fatigue and promote resilience. The next decade will be crucial in shaping a safer, healthier future for firefighters and the communities they serve.
| WATCH: Biohack your health: Mike Binney talks fatigue management
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jo-Ann Lorber is a retired assistant fire chief. She worked for Fort Lauderdale (Florida) Fire Rescue for 28 yrs. Lorber holds a master’s degree in public administration, a bachelor’s degree in public management, as well as two associate degrees. She is a graduate of the National Fire Academy’s Executive Fire Officer Program and was designated as a Chief Fire Officer from the Center of Public Safety Excellence. She also is a graduate of the Center for Homeland Defense and Security’s Naval Postgraduate’s Executive Leaders Program and is a certified emergency manager.
